My one Point Presentation Essay

What are the three most grounded motivations to help your perspective? 1. Media Habits †Aggressive Attitudes and Behaviors 2. Effect on media savagery on children and youthful grown-ups on the ascent 3. Kids and grown-ups the same have gotten added substance I. Presentation Computer games have been in existed since the 1970’s, yet it was not until the 1990’s that vicious games grew up. Because of the various acts of mass violence since the 1990’s, it pulled in the consideration of country. Throughout the years, brutal computer games utilized both by kids and grown-ups have expanded. II. Body: 1. Media Habits †Aggressive Attitudes and Behaviors Master finding a. Youth savagery bringing about passings and wounds has immediate and circuitous expenses in overabundance of $158 billion every year. b. Computer game propensities are fundamentally identified with children’s antagonistic attribution scores, the recurrence with which they get into contentions with educators (without anyone else report), their evaluations, and their degrees of threatening vibe. 2. Effect on media savagery on children and youthful grown-ups on the ascent? Insights a. 90% of U.S. youth matured eight to 18 play computer games, with young men averaging around 19 hours every week and young ladies 5 hours per week. b. 70% of fourth to twelfth graders report playing â€Å"Mature†-appraised games (reasonable for those 17 and more seasoned), which contain the most realistic viciousness of all. c. Youngsters and College understudies who had played the fierce children’s game showed a 40% higher animosity rate than the individuals who had played a peaceful game. 3. Youngsters and grown-ups the same have gotten addictive. Declaration a. 10 percent to 15 percent of gamers meet the World Health Organization’s models for habit. b. 88% of youngsters in the U.S. play computer games, demonstrating that up to 3,000,000 could be giving indications of dependence c. Across the country overview †ages 8 to 18; found that 1 of every 12 youngsters give indications of social dependence on computer games. III. End Following 50 years of examining computer games and attempting to make sense of what the reason that fierce computer games have on children and youthful grown-up. We are still no nearer to knowing the specific answer. With games today being more sensible and more bloody than any time in recent memory; yet it isn't at all evident whether, over longer periods, such a propensity improves the probability that an individual will carry out a rough wrongdoing, similar to murder, assault, or attack, significantly less a Newtown or Columbine slaughters. It is our duty to know our cutoff points withâ anything throughout everyday life, primary concern we will be considered responsible for our activities.

How conservative was Hogarth's view of London Essay

How moderate was Hogarth's perspective on London - Essay Example Hogarth’s significant works: Hogarth’s canvases depict a perspective on London boulevards that is clamoring and disorganized, with the end goal that a watcher taking a gander at the artistic creations gets an inclination nearly of claustrophobia since they have all the earmarks of being so stuffed and close. The edge and view which the craftsman presents cause the view to feel as though s/he is strolling through jam-packed roads in London, instead of slick and very much arranged ones. This sentiment of being packed and clogged might be noted particularly in his work titled â€Å"Southwark Fair (the humors of a reasonable) which is dated January 1733. This specific composition is revolved around the congregation of St. George in Southwark. This specific composition might be a follow on of the arrangement of eight artistic creations which involved the arrangement known as the â€Å"rake’s progress†. These were first introduced by Hogarth as canvases and por trayed the life of Tom Rakewell , the child of a rich dealer, who comes to London and spends away the entirety of his cash on prostitution and betting, with the goal that he is at last sent off to jail and on to commotion. The last canvas in the arrangement shows a crazy and fierce Tom transferred to a psychological clinic and the work of art titled â€Å"Southwark fair† may speak to Tom’s plummet into uproar.. ... As Brennan (2009) has called attention to, one out of each five ladies in London during that timeframe were whores. There was an appeal for virgins and the aristocrats followed through on a significant expense for the benefit of despoiling virgins. Hogarth’s depiction of these whores in his works, as likewise further definite beneath, calls attention to that money related contemplations outweighed ethical quality and ideals. Young ladies could gain a lot higher wholes of cash by selling out their bodies to lucrative men, rather than utilizing a legitimate exchange and functioning as house keepers or in comparative callings. Consequently, covetousness was the sole thought process in the shunning of goodness and Hogarth’s depiction of these whores is to such an extent that a fall is definitely connected with the lives of these mistresses, following quite a while of stuffing of their wallets through their income. Hogarth’s gems question the current good guidelines i n the London of his day. In a thorough conversation of dark slaves and the good and social undertones that were related with the preparation of the previous slaves into resigned houseboys, Molineaux has noticed that possessing a dark houseboy had gotten comparable to claiming a pet or a canine, so seeing white women with their dark slaves had gotten genuinely normal in London. In his arrangement of works titled â€Å" A harlot’s progress† that comprise of six unique plates, Hogarth subtleties the tale of a young lady who shows up in London and drops into prostitution. The subsequent print shows the prostitute in sumptuous environmental factors, tucked away in a parlor claimed by a rich Jewish dealer, where the whore is likewise gone to by a monkey and a dark slave, in this manner implying in a mocking way, the supposed â€Å"high standing† that this lady has accomplished by uprightness of being the rich Jewish

Developing Healthy Relationships in Recovery

Developing Healthy Relationships in Recovery Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Print Developing Healthy Relationships in Recovery By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on September 20, 2018 Ariel Skelley/Getty Images More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Overcoming Addiction Methods and Support Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use If you are trying to maintain abstinence from drugs or alcohol, it is very important that you develop positive, healthy relationships to support you during your recovery process. For most people who go through a professional rehab program, that can mean having to make an entire set of new friends. Avoiding your former drinking buddies or drug-using friends is a key step in maintaining your recovery, but it doesnt stop there. Developing new positive friendships with people who can support your recovery efforts can be even more important. Avoiding Toxic Relationships If you are like many alcoholics or addicts, you probably progressed to the point that your primary relationship was with your drug of choice. As your addiction deepened, your behavioral repertoire began to narrow so that you spent more of your time and effort with drug- or alcohol-related activities. If you had any friends left, they were more than likely those you associated with to obtain your drug, maintain your supply or those you simply drank or used drugs with. For someone trying to maintain recovery, relationships with those former associates can be extremely toxic. There is a saying, if you hang around the barber shop long enough, you will end up getting a haircut, which means if you continue to hang out with the same people you used to use with, you will eventually return to your previous habits. Codependent Relationships It is possible that during the development of your addiction you also formed relationships with others who were codependent, perhaps a spouse, friend or even an employer. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) defines codependents as individuals who have learned to believe that love, acceptance, security, and approval are contingent upon taking care of the addict in the way the addict wishes. The danger involved in having a relationship with someone who exhibits this type of excessive caregiving behavior is it can promote even greater dependency on your part. Codependents have allowed you to define their reality, and if you are an alcoholic or addict, your reality was highly distorted during your drinking or drugging days. Enabling Relationships Many times codependents exhibit enabling behavior by either directly or indirectly encouraging you to continue drinking or doing drugs. Enabling can take many forms. Enabling behavior can range from making excuses, lying and covering up for youâ€"protecting you from the consequences of your actionsâ€"to outright furnishing you with money for drugs or alcohol. Of course, those friends with whom you formerly drank, who supplied you with drugs or who used drugs with you, are your primary enablers. These two types of unhealthy behavior, codependency, and enabling behavior, can contribute to you deciding to go back to drinking or doing drugs, research shows. Developing Healthy Relationships If you are in follow-up care with your professional rehab program, your counselor will try to help you identify any damaging or unhealthy relationships in your life that could cause you to relapse. The counselor will help you work toward changing those relationships and your involvement in them. Your  counselor or caseworker will also try to help you identify any positive, healthy family or social relationships that you have that can be a support to you in your recovery. If you have no relationships with people who dont drink or use drugs, your counselor will strongly recommend that you begin to develop new relationships. Making New, Healthy Friends Many times these new, healthy relationships are formed through participation in mutual support groupsâ€"in fellowships such as Alcoholic Anonymous. Your counselor will also encourage you to find new relationships within any religious organizations you may be associated with or even recreational organizations. Finding new friends in recovery is described in 12-step support groups as sticking with the winners, a slogan that emphasizes the importance of healthy relationships in trying to maintain abstinence.

Smoking Cigarettes Essay - 2823 Words

Smoking The first article for review is titled Self-efficacy, Health Locus of Control, and Smoking. This article studies how the participants confidence levels and health locus prior to entering treatment predicts results of the quitting program. The program is called quot;Fresh Startquot; and was conducted in Victoria, Australia. It consisted of three groups: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(A) those who made an attempt (Stop for one day), nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(B) those who met criteria in A, and did not smoke for duration of program, nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(C) those who abstained for six months.†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;4)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Boredom Susceptibility subscale (BS) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;After the evaluation of multiple questionnaires was completed, results of the subscale analysis was as follows: nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(a)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Smokers score higher in sensation seeking regardless of sex, than non- smokers. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(b)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Women scored higher scores than men in the ES subscale (trend). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(c)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Men scored higher on AIS and TAS scale than women. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;(d)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;ES and BS subscales had a significant main effect for smoking status. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This study concludes by showing quot;that smokers score higher on measures of sensation seeking than do non-smokersquot; (p. 224). This aids the belief that sensation seekers may be more open to become dependant on smoking, as opposed to those who score low on sensation seeking activities. Finally, women scoring higher on the ES subscale, was attributed to mass media and emerging cultural trends that have luredShow MoreRelatedThe Smoking Of Cigarette Smoking855 Words   |  4 Pageschild as well. What a mother ingests is what her growing fetus ingests through her umbilical cord; the life line from the mother to the precious innocent life she holds so dear. The goal of this paper is to give some insight on the use of cigarette smoking in pregnancy. Let’s begin with a short history of what was previously called Nicotiana. Today it is known to humans as Tobacco. 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It has been linked to the following medical conditions: †¢ Aortic aneurysms †¢ bronchitis †¢ cancer of the lip or mouth †¢ cancer of the stomach †¢ cancer of the urinary bladder †¢ cervical cancer †¢ emphysema †¢ esophagus (food pipe) †¢ heartRead MoreThe Dangers of Cigarette Smoking1040 Words   |  5 PagesCigarette smoking is a dangerous habit that most users regret starting on. Nowadays, smoking can cause health problems for any human. Whether or not cigarette smoking should be banned completely, has become an object of controversy in many countries. Some people think that smoking cigarettes are a helpful way to reduce stress for the moment. In my point of view, tobacco smoking has seriously negative effects such as smoking-related cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and it costsRead MoreThe Dangers Of Smoking Cigarettes786 Words   |  4 PagesDangers of Smoking Cigarettes are everywhere. They’re sold in almost every gas station, pharmaceutical store, and even ordinary grocery stores in the United States. Cigarettes have endorsements from celebrities, big tobacco companies, advertised on billboards, and through commercials. Smoking is a problem because it causes diseases which cost billions of dollars a year in healthcare. It is also the leading cause of diseases and deaths in the US. Smoking cigarettes is an unhealthy habit that unfortunelyRead MoreEssay On Cigarette Smoking1268 Words   |  6 PagesCigarette smoking is something people all over the world have been doing for about 2000 years. Back in 2003, the first electronic cigarette was successfully created by a gentleman named Hon Lik. Lik was a 52 year old pharmacist at the time, whom of which was also a smoker. The inspiration behind making the electronic cigarette came after Lik’s father passed away from lung cancer due to him also being a heavy smoker. â€Å"A Hist orical Timeline of Electronic Cigarettes.† cassia.org. Consumer Advocates

Macbeth Who Made Choices Essay - 714 Words

Toby Zeng 3/2/15 English 2 Macbeth Essay Who Made Choices? In the eyes of the world, Lady Macbeth was the devil incarnate with a vicious heart. People think Macbeth killed all of those innocent people because Lady Macbeth compelled him to do that. However, I state that Macbeth made his own choices. Lady Macbeth just made it faster to happen. Lady Macbeth had power first, then Mcbeth took it. After that, they lost their power in the end of play. We can see that their struggle for power shifted throughout the play. The relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth can be broken into three different periods. The first period was made up of Lady Macbeth from Act 1 and Act 2. Lady Macbeth was viewed as very controlling, strong. She had all the power. The second one is from Act 3 and Act 4. In those two acts Lady Macbeth’s weaknesses were coming through. Macbeth took her power.The last one is from Act 5, Lady Macbeth felt guilty. She was sleepwalking and talking weird. Macbeth was scared too. No one had power at this time. Lady Macbeth definitely had all the power between her and her husband in Act 1 and Act 2. On page 21 Lady Macbeth said â€Å"Come, you spirits.That tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full. Of direst cruelty. Make thick my blood.† That shows Lady Macbeth thought she was a woman but she can still kill people like men. This monologue shows how strong and evil Lady Macbeth was. ItShow MoreRelatedMacbeth - Fate or Choice?1457 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth Throughout the ages it is believed fate, by some uncontrollable force, has the power to forge ones destiny. The outcome of a persons choices is controlled by the way in which they are fated to occur. However, some believe these choices can defy fate and that fate only manipulates ones mind into choosing their own path. 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(William Jennings Bryan) Are we in control of our own destiny, our own fate, or are our lives really already planned and mapped out for us? Does Macbeth willfully choose evil in order to achieve his destiny? Or, is his destiny doomed by the witches prophecies? Macbeth may not have made any of his same choices, if the threeRead MoreLifes Choices in William Shakespeares Macbeth and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein789 Words   |  4 PagesLifes Choices in William Shakespeares Macbeth and Mary Shelleys Frankenstein The choices we make in life can change our lives forever. Throughout the play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare and the novel Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley we learn how the choices made can change peoples lives forever. 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For instance, when Macbeth had Duncan killed Malcolm and Donalbain (Duncan’s sons) fled. Likewise when he had the murderers kill Banquo, Banquo’s son Fleance managed to escape. The last person to worry about was Macduff. Although he could not kill Macduff, due to his conciliation in England, he did go after everyoneRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Macbeth 1136 Words   |  5 PagesGielarowiec English 4A Mrs. Mastrokyriakos Macbeth Essay 1 March, 2013 Women in Macbeth For many years now women have always been slaves towards men. Always doing everything for them. Cooking, cleaning, and taking orders. But that is slowly changing. Everything slowly changes even people. People become more deranged over time. Shakespeare is one of the writers thats shows that in his plays. One of his plays is based on murder and irresponsible choices. The characters in the play experience the mostRead MoreThroughout the history of literature, there have been many tales of tragic heroes. These heroes700 Words   |  3 Pageshero is a character of noble beginnings who is doomed and destined for defeat, downfall or suffering. Macbeth is the perfect example of a tragic hero because he embodies all these traits and characteristics. Through his actions in the drama Macbeth, Macbeth epitomizes the classic example of a tragic hero. Macbeth initially only has one trait of a tragic hero which was his noble beginnings fighting for King Duncan. The major contributions that cause d Macbeth to become a tragic hero were the interventionRead MoreMacbeth Seminar Prep654 Words   |  3 Pages Macbeth Seminar Prep 1. Macbeth’s tragic flaws and formation of catharsis are justifications of why Macbeth is a tragic hero in Shakespeares play Macbeth, instead of being a monster. The primary flaw Macbeth has as a character consists of him overtrusting people’s judgement, including the witches. The witches predict that Macbeth will become king and he believes that he will get the throne: â€Å" ‘This have I thought good to deliver thee, my dearest partner of greatness; that thou might’st notRead MoreMacbeth: Fate vs. Free Will1718 Words   |  7 Pagesforce, the outcome of a person’s choices is controlled by the way in which they are destined to occur. On the other hand though, some believe these choices can defy fate and that fate only manipulates ones mind into choosing their own path. One question that seemed to pop into my head through out this play was whether individuals were victims of fate or their I own choices, or if each aspect plays a significant part in determining their destiny. In the play Macbeth, William Shakespeare plays around

Marginal Revenue and Profit Free Essays

?In order for a company to be able to reach its full potential financial management must be in place. This management needs to be aware of at least the basics of financial plans which are revenue, cost and profit. These three things can make or break a company. We will write a custom essay sample on Marginal Revenue and Profit or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of these things must be understood and considered before plans can be laid to create or better a company. Revenue is the amount a company receives (Marginal Revenue, 2009). If a company is in the business of sales, revenue is the amount of money the company receives per unit sold. Marginal revenue is the amount of money a company receives for the last unit sold. This is found by dividing the change in revenue by the change in quantity sold. For companies that compete with one another marginal revenue is not very important. This is because in a competitive environment most products are sold at a set price so that marginal revenue is equal to the set sales price of the product. For a monopoly on the other hand, marginal revenue is very important. Monopolies have a decreasing marginal revenue curve (marginal Revenue, 2009); for a monopoly the marginal revenue is less than the sales price. This is because a monopoly must have a lower sales price in order to increase the amount of product sold. Total cost is the amount of money it costs to operate at a particular rate of production (Baker, 2000). There are two types of cost: variable and fixed. Fixed costs are those that remain the same regardless of production and variable costs are those that change with production. Marginal cost is the addition either to total cost or total variable cost resulting from one more unit of output (McConnall Brue, 2008). Usually this is found by dividing the change in total cost by the change in quantity. Profit is the positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting expenses (Profit, 2009). Profit maximization is the idea that people will try to create as high a profit as possible given the circumstances. Since marginal revenue is the amount of revenue an additional unit will bring in and marginal cost is the amount the additional unit will cost to produce, then profit maximization is the point where marginal cost and marginal revenue are equal (Profit Maximization, 2009). So as long as marginal cost is lower than marginal revenue there is profit, but if marginal cost ever exceeds marginal revenue the last unit should not be produced. If the marginal revenue is higher than the marginal cost, the company can produce more units. Business owners and managers need to be able to make a profit. Whenever people think of profit, they are aware that profit is the amount of money left after the expenses are paid and most people know the greater the profit the better off they will be. Most people do not know that profit maximization requires the knowledge of marginal cost and marginal revenue. In order to determine when a company is no longer profiting from production of extra units, one must know that profit maximization is the point where marginal revenue equals marginal cost. Refernces (2009). Marginal revenue: Fundamental finance. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from fundamentalfinance. com Web site: http://economics. fundamentalfinance. com/micro_revenue. php Baker, S. (2000). Cost concepts. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from Economics interactive tutorial Web site: http://hspm. sph. sc. edu/COURSES/ECON/Cost/Cost. html (2009). Profit. Retrieved July 16, 2009, from investorwords. com Web site: http://www. investorwords. com/3880/profit. html Profit Maximization. Retrieved July 16, 2009, Web site: http://www. econ. ilstu. edu/ntskaggs/eco105/readings/profit-max. htm McConnell, C. , Brue, S. (2008). Microeconomics 17th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. How to cite Marginal Revenue and Profit, Papers

The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Essay Example

The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Paper This paper will explore the realist explanations of ethnic conflicts and then see how critical theory explanations offer new insight and answers to puzzles that could not be previously be explained. It will then explore several of the possible solutions used to end incidents of ethnic violence. Finally, it Will focus on the debate surrounding partition as a possible solution to ethnic conflict, concluding that it is in fact a viable option for peace when implemented judiciously. According to realist explanations, ethnic conflicts are deeply rooted in cognitive and situational needs. In his article, The Security Dilemma and Ethnic Conflict, realist scholar Barry Poses claims that anarchy rates competition and hostility between ethnic, religious and cultural groups. Ethnic fractions act to preserve their identity and physical security through the accumulation of resources and military power. Interestingly, Poses notes that social cohesion is viewed as a larger threat than material assets in military competition. Social cohesion, he claims, derives from historical accounts of identity building which often are inaccurate and biased; thus perpetuating cultural differences and hatred of the other. TTL] Accordingly, ethnic tensions are inevitable but can quickly imaging/ to warfare when one group coerces or nominates the other militarily or ideologically, Realists, such as Poses do not ignore the fact that ideas are essential elements of ethnic conflict, but rather use them support the needs of power and mutual deterrence, In his article, Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Stewart Kaufman attempts to deconstruct realist explanations of ethnic conflicts by introducing his own theory called symbolic politics. According to this theory, episodes of extreme ethnic violence are caused by, G]roof myths that justify hostility, fears of group extinction and a symbolic politics of chauvinist manipulation. [2] Kaufman believes that hose myths produce emotion-laden symbols that make mass hostility easy for chauvinist elites to provoke and make extremist policies Both Poses and Kaufman use the situation in former Yugoslavia to validate their respective theories. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes and Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to Posses realist explanation, the origin of the conflict was a primordial contentious relationship between the Carats and Seers. Due to the past violence and aggression inflicted upon them by the Carats, the Seers were justifiably fearful for their security. Their ability to mobile and slight military advantage prompted mutual fear and competition from the Carats, which in turn exulted in the Seers launching what they perceived to be a preventative war. 41 Kauffmann symbolic politics theory suggests that the conflict was not one based on group interests or material factors, but rather, the struggle for relative group and that charismatic leaders such as Implosive and Dustman exploited pre-existing myths and symbols which appealed to the emotions of the public, in order promote their own, expansionist agendas. [6] upon in depth analysis of both scholars explanations, I found each to be very similar and plausible. In my opinion, Kauffmann symbolic politics theory does not un dermine Posses realist explanation of the conflict, but rather supports and expands on it. Kauffmann explanation appears to be more of a critical analysis which combines elements of realist explanations (power), liberal explanations (elite manipulation of ethnic differences by leaders) and constructivist explanations (ethnic identities are constructed by historical myths In the same article, Kaufman examines the ethnic conflicts of Sudan and Rwanda as case studies to further support his symbolic politics theory. The most dominant explanation tort ethnic conflict in these areas had been the realist account, which claimed hat European colonialism created strife by reconstructing African identities and exploiting their resources; forcing them the compete with each other for survival. While I do believe that these realist explanations are legitimate factors, do not think they are the only ones. After reading Stuart Kauffmann in depth explanations, I am now convinced that value systems-?or lack thereof, lie at the root of ethnic conflict. In Northern Sudan, Islamic values encouraged hostile expansionism of Shari law, which threatened the survival (identity) of the Southern Sudanese who were unwilling to submit to it. Similarly, the creation f hostile myths against the Tutsis minority and large scale acceptance of the use of violence against them in Rwanda shows how easily populations lacking strong value systems can be manipulated by political elites into justifying the most heinous acts of violence against other human beings. Just as there are many plausible theories that explain the causes Of ethnic conflicts worldwide, there too are many possible solutions. Although he is a realist scholar, Barry Poses admits that peacekeeping can sometimes be achieved through diplomatic measures, mainly by encouraging groups involved in the conflict to reexamine heir past history from a more objective standpoint. Other third party options include: the creation of international institutions aimed at rebuilding domestic institutions, international treaties such as the non-proliferation policy, the use of economic sanctions, and the use of peacekeeping forces. All of these solutions have had success in some areas and tailored elsewhere. When international diplomatic peacekeeping efforts fail and the ethnic conflict persists, outside powers are sometimes torched to implement material methods to assistance including military support and weaponry. Because warfare is always a last resort, he use of partitions has become a highly effective but equally controversial method used to suppress ethnic violence. According to some realist scholars, the separation of ethnic identities serves a necessary purpose; it provides people with meaningful associations and security. Chain Kaufmann, though a prominent proponent of the use of partitions in pervasive internship conflict, still acknowledges that they should be used as a last resort and that the risks of partition and population transfers are only worth undertaking if they are saving the lives that valued have been sacrificed if they had not Critics of the use of partitions such as Radar Kumar argue that they do little to mitigate violence, but instead escalate tensions and cause mass movements of forced migration. 8] In his article, When All Else Fails: Ethnic Population Transfers and Partitions in the Twentieth Century, Chain Kaufmann does a good job at deconstructing this myth. He claims that persistent violence creates refugee movements because people are afraid to Stay where they are, or are at times forced to leave by opposing militant forces. Therefore, intermixed populations will inevitably become separated and the use of partitions only revs as an organizational vehicle which would enable th em to resettle in a structured and protected manner. 9] Samaras arguments are further refuted by Kaufmann use of empirical data which prove that incidents of violence actually diminished when partitions were constructed in Ireland, India and Cyprus and that marginal increases of violence in those regions were not a result to the partition, but rather the lack to complete separation between rival groups within those regions, Kaufmann concedes that the with Israel and Palestine is a special circumstance due to the fact that Palestinian threats are o pervasive that Israels existence is dependent on the partition. In contrast, Kumara strongest argument is that partition has rarely been anything more than a temporary solution to conflict, but its psychological effects are permanent. [10] After considering both sides of the argument, I believe the benefits of using partitions far out way the costs. While the psychological barriers that partitions create are an unfortunate reality, the numbers of lives they save are more important. In closing it is important to understand that each case Of ethnic conflict studied has individual characteristics which make it unique and thus he causes and solutions to each situation are unique as well. Despite their variance, there is still something that can be learned and applied by studying each case. The realist explanation asserts that power and security factors are the motivating cause for conflict, but new critical theory explanations help us to see that physical and psychological security alone are not enough to deter episodes of ethnic violence. While it has been proven that material factors such as military and nuclear capability and partitions are effective deterrents, they should only be used as last result methods. International institutions, treaties and post inflict reconstruction initiatives are all instrumental in the peacekeeping effort. But in my opinion, the most effective method used for reducing incidences of ethnic violence is that of nation building. Ive arrived at this conclusion, not only through scholarly analysis but also through personal experience.